Background: Nerve ENTRAPMENT neuropathies are relatively frequent in the upper limb.Significant costs related to resultant disability and treatment, and also simultaneous occurrence of some of these SYNDROMES can result in alteration in the treatment approach. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of these SYNDROMES, the rate of concurrence of carpal tunnel syndrome as the most prevalent syndrome with others, related risk factors, and accordance of clinical and electrophysiological findings.Methods: In a retrospective study, data of the 170 affected patients to these SYNDROMES operated during a period of 10 years in a referral center were searched using recorded documents. Information about patient's gender, age, occupation and associated comorbidities, clinical and surgical findings and their accordance to the EMG-NCV findings, and also concurrence of these SYNDROMES were assessed.Results: Patients' range of age was 10-91 year (mean: 48.09 year) and 74.5% of them were female. In this study carpal tunnel and cubital tunnel syndrome were the most frequent (81.7% and 15.8% respectively). In 23.5% of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome, electrophysiological findings were negative but there was no false positive result. Concurrent carpal tunnel syndrome with other SYNDROMES were found in three cases of cubital tunnel syndrome, two cases of thoracic outlet syndrome and one case of Guyon's canal syndrome.Conclusion: Constellation of symptoms, physical examination and electrophysiological findings altogether should be considered for correct diagnosis of nerve ENTRAPMENT SYNDROMES in the upper extremity. Simultaneous ENTRAPMENT in the other regions of the same nerve or other nerves in the same extremity is a probable condition.

In criminal law, ENTRAPMENT is a practice whereby a law enforcement agent induces a person to commit a criminal offense that the person would have otherwise been unlikely to commit. It is a type of conduct that is generally frowned upon, and thus in many jurisdictions is a possible defense against criminal liability.Depending on the law in the jurisdiction, the prosecution may be required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was not entrapped or the defendant may be required to prove that they were entrapped as an affirmative defense.The ENTRAPMENT defense in the United States has evolved mainly through case law. Two competing tests exist for determining whether ENTRAPMENT has taken place, known as the “subjective” and “objective” tests. The “subjective” test looks at the defendant's state of mind; ENTRAPMENT can be claimed if the defendant had no “predisposition” to commit the crime. The “objective” test looks instead at the government's conduct; ENTRAPMENT occurs when the actions of government officers would usually have caused a normally law-abiding person to commit a crime.

Crime detection is among the police major missions. The present paper tries to explore the process of ENTRAPMENT by the police from three different perspectives: Police, accused, and evidences. If a crime is detected through ENTRAPMENT by the police, the crime is of the type related to police officers, the perpetrator has criminal responsibility. If a police officer encourages somebody to commit a crime, he will be the suspect for being the accomplice of the perpetrator.Due to certain reasons, crime detection by ENTRAPMENT is against public order and ethics; evidences obtained through such method are not of sufficient validity for proving lots of crimes. Nonetheless, national security and specific nature of certain new crimes necessitates the use of such method for detecting crime. This paper examines rules of the U.S., France, England, and Italy on this issue and qualifies the method with Islamic Criminal system.

Chronic calf pain may have various etiologies including stress fracture, chronic compartment syndrome, accessory soleous muscle, and muscle sprains. An uncommon cause of chronic calf pain is ENTRAPMENT neuropathy. Because ENTRAPMENT neuropathies are uncommon, they are often underdiagnosed. A 15-year-old adolescent developed progressive calf pain 10 months before his presentation. Physical examination and paraclinical studies revealed no abnormality and electrodiagnostic study was reported as normaL 2 months nonoperative the superficial sural aponeurosis treatment and one surgical intervention were failed. Reexamination was revealed positive Tinels sign and paresthesia in distribution of the sural nerve. Surgical exploration revealed ENTRAPMENT of the medial sural cutaneous nerve localized in the passage of the nerve resulted in complete resolution of symptoms and full recovery. Several location for ENTRAPMENT of the sural nerve were reported, but we couldnt found any report in english language literature about sural nerve ENTRAPMENT in the superficial sural aponeurosis in no athletics.

Hemangiomas of the median nerve are extremely rare; only 12 cases have been reported in the literature. We discuss a patient who presented with paresthesia and pain along the distribution of the left median nerve secondary to a cavernoma of the proximal part of the nerve as suspected on MRI scan. Total removal of the mass was achieved with immediate relief of the symptoms and no neurologic deficit. We conclude that despite being quite rare, the diagnosis of occult vascular lesions of peripheral nerves such as the median nerve, should be considered, especially when other common pathologies are excluded.

Blow out fracture is a common disease in oculoplastics clinics. One of indication for surgical intervention is ENTRAPMENT of inferior rectus muscle in the fractured site. In this article authors represent two cases with this disease who underwent surgery for the ENTRAPMENT of perimuscular fascia without inferior rectus muscle involvement. The results of treatment in both cases were excellent. The study was aimed to represent the specific clinical and radiological findings.

Background: ENTRAPMENT of the suprascapular nerve may causes pain in the shoulder which may be attributing wrongly to the other shoulder disorders and the treatment often delayed. Many authors believed that the treatment of this disease is conservative. This study was conducted to assess the effect of surgical release of the suprascapular nerve on the improvement of the patients' functional score.Methods: Operative release for the ENTRAPMENT of the suprascapular nerve was carried out in 5 patients. All patients were followed for 16 months (between 12-20 months). They finally were assessed by the functional shoulder score devised by constant and murley. The average score before the operative release was 40 ± 17. The diagnosis was confirmed with electrophysiologic studies and MRI. The average time from the onset of symptoms to operation was 7.8 ± 3.2 months.Results: All patients were followed for an average of 16 months after operative release. Final constant score was 75.8 ± 26.2. There was an excellent result in all patients, except one who obliged to change his job (case 1). All patients were pain free after operation and had full recovery of muscle bulk except for case 1.Conclusion The symptomatic and functional outcome in our study showed that operative decompression and ENTRAPMENT of the suprascapular nerve improved the patients' functional score. It seems that, if conservative treatments such as physiotherapy failed, it is better to do operative release as soon as possible, because the delayed operation has negative effect on final outcome.